2 Models of illness behaviour describe how the different constructs relate to each other (i.e. How likely is it that you will not smoke during the next six months?) and the number of previous quit attempts. Print length. by Jane Ogden 0 Ratings 6 Want to read 0 Currently reading 0 Have read Overview View 7 Editions Details Reviews Lists Related Books Publish Date 2007 Publisher Open University Press/McGraw-Hill Education Language English Pages 489 Previews available in: English 50 Men Women Percentages 40 30 20 10 0 1624 2544 4564 65 and over Age Figure 5.3 Adults drinking more than the recommended guidelines on at least one day last week, by age and sex, 2004, GB (after General Household Survey 2004) 97 05 health848.ch05 3:18 pm Page 98 CHAPTER 5 SMOKING AND ALCOHOL USE Health implications of smoking and alcohol use Is smoking bad for health? Methodology Subjects A total of 147 homosexual and 84 heterosexual subjects with multiple partners in the past six months took part in the study. The results showed that although the doctors knowledge was superior to that of the patients, some doctors wrongly located organs such as the heart and wrongly defined problems such as constipation and diarrhoea. I am also grateful to David Armstrong for being (and staying) there and for conversation and cooking, and to Harry and Ellie for giving me that worklife balance and for going to bed on time. This edited collection provides a detailed account of contemporary approaches to treating pain. This is one of the best psychology books for individuals going through therapy due to self-esteem issues. Offline reading study anytime, anywhere, Syncs across platforms, always up-to-date, Rent or purchase for a fraction of the printed textbook price, Download the free ReadAnywhere App for offline access and anytime reading, Rent for a fraction of the printed textbook price, Purchase un-bound 3-ring binder ready textbook, Flexibility and ease of selecting chapters to take where you want to go, Personalize your learning, save time completing homework, and possibly earn a better grade, Access to eBook, homework and adaptive assignments, videos, and study resources, Download free ReadAnywhere App for offline access to eBook for anytime reading. Exercise is no longer for the lite, nor does it have to be at intensive and often impossible levels. it is likely that I will start swimming next week). This is comparable to a traditional dualistic model of the mindbody split. However, many people do not appear to believe that they themselves are at risk, which is perhaps why they do not engage in self-protective behaviour, and even when some acknowledgement of risk is made, this is often dismissed and does not appear to relate to behaviour change. However, the physiological data suggest that simply introducing a no-smoking policy may not be sufficient as smokers may show compensatory smoking. In terms of the faith healer, the best outcome would be an improvement in health status. London: Routledge. 2 Measures to control for behaviour. Using information to improve recovery If stress is related to recovery from surgery, then obviously information could be an important way of reducing this stress. In addition, the results suggested that although there was a relationship between fear and behavioural intentions, high levels of fear detracted from this relationship. Problem-focused coping involves confronting the problem and reconstructing it as manageable. Engineering/Computer Science In terms of health and illness, if healthiness is an individuals normal state, then any onset of illness will be 03 health848.ch03 16/4/07 2:47 pm Page 53 LEVENTHALS SELF-REGULATORY MODEL OF ILLNESS COGNITIONS interpreted as a problem and the individual will be motivated to re-establish their state of health (i.e. (in press) asked 69 patients who had just had an MI to draw their heart and how they felt it looked just after their heart attack. However, to date although there has been a call for interventions based upon social cognition models, clear guidelines concerning how theory could translate into practice have yet to be developed. Subjective measurements were taken before and after the baseline period, after the intervention and after the follow-up period. Overall, people in Northern and Western Europe are thinner than Eastern and Southern Europe and women are more likely to be obese than men. Her recent book on The Psychology of Dieting describes why so many diets fail and although it does not offer a miracle cure (sorry) describes some tricks and skills that might be useful to help yourself or others lose weight. 3 Physiological, or the impulses sent from the site of physical damage. They were a reasonably homogenous sample being European, Caucasian, from a working-class background and in middle adulthood and had been in pain for between 5 and 15 years. Although much of the stress research examines how the mind may influence the body (e.g. The TPB also states that perceived behavioural control can have a direct effect on behaviour without the mediating effect of behavioural intentions. (1983) reported a study that involved exposing cancer-prone mice to stress (shaking the cage). However, psychology came to play an important part in understanding pain through the twentieth century. (1994) developed a health education and counselling programme for patients with cardiovascular disease after hospitalization, with weekly follow-ups by telephone. It has also been suggested that improved psychological state is related to the social activity often associated with exercise and the resulting increased confidence and self-esteem. In an early study, Kiecolt-Glaser et al. Coping Social support Focus on research 11.1: Testing a theory social support and health Personality Control Control and social support in stress and illness To conclude Questions For discussion Assumptions in health psychology Further reading 239 239 239 241 244 12 Pain Chapter overview What is pain? In the 1960s Diamond et al. He suggested that this payoff is related to their beliefs about the seriousness and treatability of an illness. However, depression and anxiety might not be the only consequences of CHD. This model has primarily been used in research to ask the questions How do different people make sense of different illnesses? and How do illness cognitions relate to coping? Research, however, has also explored the impact of illness cognitions on psychological and physical health outcomes. Evidence for a genetic factor in smoking has also been reported by Eysenck (1990) and in an Australian study examining the role of genetics in both the uptake of smoking (initiation) and committed smoking (maintenance) (Hannah et al. New York: Guilford Press. Brownell et al. 1987; McGowan et al. Research into the role of genetics in alcoholism has been more extensive and reviews of this literature can be found elsewhere (Peele 1984; Schuckit 1985). (2002) reported that the use of the TPB to develop the intervention was not predictive of the success of the intervention. Shiloh et al. 295 13 health848.ch13 296 16/4/07 3:01 pm Page 296 CHAPTER 13 PLACEBOS AND THE INTERRELATIONSHIP AMONG BELIEFS, BEHAVIOUR AND HEALTH Characteristics of the treatment Other researchers have focused on treatment characteristics and have suggested that the characteristics of the actual process involved in the placebo treatment relate to the effectiveness or degree of the placebo effect. Good health is largely a matter of good luck). (1993) examined changes in mood, mental vigour and exhilaration in sportsmen and inactive men following maximal, moderate and minimal exercise. The authors of this study aimed to examine the effects of APT on the psychological state of cancer patients in the light of these problems. 235 10 health848.ch10 236 16/4/07 2:57 pm Page 236 CHAPTER 10 STRESS To conclude This chapter has examined the different models of stress, the psychological and physiological responses to stress and the way in which stress has been measured. 1986). Keyboarding Armitage (2005) aimed to explore the problem of exercise maintenance and explored the predictors of stable exercise habits over a 12-week period. become a vegetarian, eaten less, cut out chocolate). In the case of the restrained eater, it is possible that they too believe in the all or nothing theory of excess which promotes the shift from a high calorie lapse to the what the hell characterized by disinhibition. In particular, Ingham suggests that by learning about their bodies and how to achieve sexual pleasure, young people may feel more empowered to have healthier and happier sexual relationships. Earth & Environmental Science In addition, safer sex campaigns emphasize personal responsibility and choice in the use of condoms, and condoms are presented as a simple way to prevent contraction of the HIV virus. The authors discuss the results in terms of developing educational interventions to promote safe sex. Across Europe, Australasia and the USA, the term professional health psychologist or simply health psychologist is used (Marks et al. I chose it after reviewing other psychology books (about 5) and find that it gives students a good background in Health Psychology without making many of the mistakes of other Health Psychology books. Pereira et al. Teaching patients to identify any automatic thoughts underlying their anxiety and depression and developing means to challenge these thoughts. This study is based on the belief that psychological variables such as coping style, stress and social support may influence health and illness directly through changes in the individuals physiology (their immune system) regardless of behaviour. These organs produce a range of soldiers which are involved in identifying foreign bodies and disabling them. In addition, many countries only allow abortion to protect a womans health. In the UK in 1997 the policy recommendation for cervical smear results stated that the term negative result could be confusing as women would feel positive to such a negative result and that the term normal smear result should be used instead. The second disease model of addiction was developed, which no longer saw the substance as the problem but pointed the finger at those individuals who became addicted. Some women who had had an unwanted pregnancy described their shock at the physical trauma of miscarriage but described the experience as a relief. not going to work, lying down). In terms of knowing their partner, 31 per cent of males and 35 per cent of females reported knowing nothing of their partners sexual history, and knowing was often explained in terms of she came from a nice family and stuff, and having seen them around. Much work shows that attention to the pain can exacerbate pain whereas distraction can reduce the pain experience. (2004) examined the impact of either light intensity or moderate intensity exercise and reported that only moderate intensity exercise reduced withdrawal symptoms. Placebos and pain reduction Placebos have been defined as inert substances that cause symptom relief (see Chapter 13). Activity goals were scheduled and pleasant activities were reinforced at subsequent groups. Design a research study to illustrate the impact of the bio, psycho and social processes in an illness of your choice. Recently a revised version of the IPQ has been published IPQR (Moss-Morris et al. Dieting and weight loss Dieting is therefore associated with periods of overeating. Shepherd (1989) provided a review of these studies and suggested that the hedonic responses to food may be more important if the food is novel than if it is familiar. 1996; Blundell and Macdiarmid 1997): 1 The benefits of complex carbohydrates to energy use. Further, in a detailed meta-analysis of the published and unpublished literature on preparation for surgery, Johnston and Vogele (1993) concluded that preparation for surgery in the form of both procedural information (i.e. The results showed that although all subjects reported high levels of satisfaction immediately after the consultation in terms of doctors understanding, explanation and being helped, this was higher in those subjects who had received a directive style in their consultation. . Therefore, although the health promotion messages may be reaching many individuals, many others are not complying with their recommendations. Describe your pain: no pain, mild pain, moderate pain, severe pain, worst pain) and descriptive questionnaires (e.g. "When the first edition of emerged, I was very impressed. It is possible, however, that behaviour is not predicted by cognitions but by behaviour. Coping and stress are sometimes one construct and sometimes two constructs which can be associated. 7 Personality. marijuana, cocaine, LSD, nitrate inhalants, amphetamines and opioids), smoking behaviour and prescribed medication. Design Subjects completed a questionnaire (either postal or delivered). As a possible explanation of these results, research has examined the role of fat and carbohydrates in appetite regulation. Box 2.1 Some problems with . (1993) followed up 100 men and women and reported the best predictors of intentions to participate in the exercise programmes and actual participation were attitudes to continued participation, perceived social norms and perceived behavioural control. For example, the presence of doctors, white coats, pills, injections and surgery are associated with improvement, recovery and effective treatment. In general it would seem that there is a role for a range of demographic, psychological and structural factors in understanding longer-term changes in behaviour and that, while some changes in behaviour may result from the drip drip effect illustrated by stages and plans, other forms of change are the result of more sudden shifts in an individuals motivation. The results from these studies produced fairly inconsistent results. 1998a, 1998b, 1999; Van Damme et al. For some studies the outcome variable has been more psychological in its emphasis and has taken the form of well-being, psychological distress or adjustment. Box 13.1 Some problems with . The results from this study generated a theory of the wisdom of the body which emphasized the bodys innate food preferences. Reviewed in the United States on March 4, 2018. This is further exacerbated by the increased use of videos and computer games by both children and adults. 521736132 - Psychology book test bank varcarolis Sexual behaviour sequence model This model was developed by Byrne et al. They asked participants to read information about deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and to rate a range of beliefs. World Languages, Agriculture and Forestry 1997). However, perhaps the backlash against screening also reflects a different (not necessarily better) way of seeing individuals a shift from individuals who require expert help from professionals towards a belief that individuals should help themselves.
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